Formation of Council of Memberes under the Girija Prasad Koirala Prime Minister Peroid.

Formation of the Members of the Council of Minister
under
the Late Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala on April 22, 1998

Ruling Party: Nepali Congress

Name Post Of Ministers
Late Girija Prasad Koirala :- Prime Minister, Palace affairs, Defence
Sailaja Acharya :- Deputy Prime Minister, Water Resources
Dhundi Raj Sastri :- Industry and Labour
Chiranjibi Wagle :- Land Reforms and Commerce
Govinda Raj Joshi :- Home
Chakra Bastola :- Agriculture
Dr. Ram Saran Mahat :- Finance
Bijay Kumar Gachadar :- Works and Transport
Arjun Narsing K.C. :- Education and Housing
Bimalendra Nidhi :- General Administration
Prakash Man Singh :- Local Development
Mahanta Thakur :- Communication
K.P. Gurung :- Health
Sidhi Raj Ohja :- Law and Justice
Om Shrestha :- Parliamentary Affairs, Science and Technology
Anand Dhungana :- Tourism and Civil Aviation
Purna Bahadur Khadga :- Youth and Sports, Population and Environment.

Ministers Of State
Meena Pandey :- Women and Social Welfare
Bhakta Bahadur Rokaya :- Forest and Land Conservation
Ram Bahadur Gurung :- Supplies
Deep Kumar Upadhaya :- Finance
Devendra Kandel :- Home
Ram Dev Gohit :- Local Development
Bhakta Bahadur Balayar :- Health
Amar Raj Kaini :- Industry and Labour

Assistant Ministers
Kamala Devi Pant :- Women and Social Welfare

Formation of the Members of the Council of Minister
under
the Late Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala on August 26, 1998

Ruling Parties: Nepali Congress, Nepal Communist Party (UML), Nepal Sadbhavana Party

Name Post Of Ministers
Late Girija Prasad Koirala (NC) :- Prime Minister,Palace affairs, Defense, Foreign affairs, Agriculture, Land Reform and Management, Supplies, Works and Transport, Housing and Physical Planning, Forest and Soil conservation and Labour
Barat Mohan Adhikari (UML) :- Finance, Law and Justice
Govinda Raj Joshi (NC) :- Home
Gajendra Narayan Singh (NSP) :- Industry
Kul Bahadur Gurung (NC) :- Education, Women and Social Welfare
Amrit Kumar Bohara (UML) :- Local Development
Pradeep Nepal (UML) :- Water Resources and Health
Purna Bahadur Khadga (NC) :- Commerce, Youth Sports and Culture
Bhim Bahadur Rawal (UML) :- Tourism and Civil Aviation, Science and Technology
Jaya Prakash Prasad Gupta (NC) :- Information and communications and Parliamentary Affiars Ramesh Nath Pandey (Indep) :- Population and Environment

Funeral Late Girija Prasad Koirala

Bibliography of Girija Prasad Koirala
Name:- Late Girija Prasad Koirala
Date of Birth:- 18th asar 1981 B.S. (1925 A.D.)
Birth Place:- Bihar, Saharasa, India
Fathers Name:- Krishna Koirala
Mothers Name:- Dibya Koirala
Wife Name:- Sushma Koirala
Daughter Name:- Sujata Koirala
Brother Name:- B.P. Koirala
Education:- I.A.
Date of Death:- 7th Chaitra 2066 B.S. (2010 A.D.)

Girija Prasad Koirala Commonly named as G.P. Koirala who was the former Nepali politician and the President of the Nepali Congress, a major political party. He was the first Nepali Politician to become the 6th times Prime Minister of Nepal. Girija Prasad Koirala who was actice in the politics for over the 60 years, and was the great pioneer of Nepalese movement. Girija started his first life movement from the Biratnagar Jute Mill. His brother B.P. Koirala and the Nepali Congress party in the country's first democratic election, Girija Prasad Koirala move towards in 1991 and became the first democratical elected Prime Minister since 1959.

Earlier Life of Girija Prasad Koirala
Girija Prasad Koirala was born in Bihar, India in 1925 A.D. Krishna Koirala was the Father of Girija Prasad Koirala, who was living in Nepal exile. Girija Prasad Koirala first politics started from the 1947, leading as the leader of workers strike. During the same time, Girija Prasad Koirala established the Nepal Mazdoor Congress. In 1952 it was changed to Nepal Trade Union Congress. After than he became the President of the Morang district Nepali Congress. Girija Prasad Koirala was arrested by King Mahendrra in 1960. After the Girija Prasad Koirala and other leaders of that party were released in 1967, Girija Prasad was exiled to India. Girija Prasad Koirala was the General Secretary of Nepali Congress from 1975 to 1991. In 1979, Girija Prasad Koirala entered in Nepal and was actively involved in the 1990 Jana Andolon. Girija Prasad Koirala contributions towards the Jana Andolon led repeal of the Panchayat rule and introduce the Multiparty Democracy in Nepal for the first time. After the introduction of the Multiparty his political life started as the leadership.

Late Girija Prasad Koirala Past Events

First Step
The contribution of the Girija Prasad Koirala introduce the Multiparty Democracy in 1991, Girija Prasad Koirala was elected as the member of the Parliament from Morang- and Sunsari-5 constituencies. Out of the 205 seats of the Pratinidhi Shaba, Nepali Congress won the 110 seats which were enough for the constitutional seats. Pratinidhi Shaba which is known as the lower house of the parliament. As the Nepali Congress won the 110 seats more than the others parties, Girija Prasad Koirala was elected as the leader of the Nepali Congress parliament party and was appointed as the Prime Minister by King Birendra. During his ruling time, the House of Representatives act out legislation to liberalize education, media and health sector in the country. The government also established the Purbanchal University and the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health and Sciences in the Eastern Development region and admittedly license to the private sector to run the medical colleges and the engineering colleges in various parts of the country. During the same time the government also established the BP Memorial Cancer Hospital in Bharatpur, from the provision of government of China. The 36 house members of the Nepali Congress Party went against of the government sponsored. So that Girija Prasad Koirala, in November 1994 called for the formal ending of the assembly. This led to the Communist Party of Nepal to power in the election.

Second Step
Girija Prasad Koirala took over as Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa following the collapse of the coalition government led by Surya Bahadur Thapa. Girija Prasad Kiorala first headed a Nepali Congress minority government until December 25, 1998 after which he headed a three- party coalition government with the Communist Party of Nepal and the Nepal Sadhbhawana Party.

Third Step
After the resignation of Krishna Prasad Bhattrai Girija Prasad Koirala became the first Prime Minister in 2000 under leadership party won the parliamentary election. The Nepali Congress had won the leadership party under the claiming of the Krishna Prasad Bhattrai. Girija led a group of dissident MP's and forced to resign Krishna Prasad Bhattrai. During the same time when Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister after the resignation of Krishna Prasad Bhattrai, Nepal was fighting a civil war against the Communist Party of Nepal. That was the great time that in his Prime Minister rule the government was plagued by allegations of corruption. Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala was further criticized for inability to handle the crisis happened in the Nepal. So that Girija Prasad Koirala resign from his post in 2001. Due to Girija unsuccessful in his work he was replaced by the former Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba who was elected by the Majority seat of members of Nepali Congress.

Forth Step
After the reinstatement of the house of representative, Pratinidhi Shaba on 24 April 2006, the
Loaktantra Andolon, again Girija Prasad Koirala was elected as the Prime Minister of Nepal in the majority of seven political party’s alliance. The reinstated of house of representative passed laws the powers and bring army powers under the civilian control. Girija Prasad Koirala as the Prime Minister has been the interim head if state of Nepal. Koirala was reelected as the Prime minister on April 1 2007 in the formation of a new government composed of SPA and the CPN (Maoist). Following the April 2008 constituent assembly election, the constituent s assembly voted to declare Nepal a Republic on 28 May 2008. Koirala speaking to the constitutes assembly shortly before the role said that “we have got the big responsibility “entering in the New Era of the Nation dreams. After the declaration of a Nepal as he first Republic the Nepali Congress proposed that Koirala became the first president of the Republic Nepal. However the CPN (Maoist), emerged the strongest party in the constituents assembly election opposed this. On June 26, 2008, Koirala announced his resignation to whom the first president of Nepal to be submitted. On July 23, 2008, Ram Baran Yadav became the First Republic president of Nepal. After the oath taken by Ram Baran Yadav, Girija Prasad Koirala submitted his resignation on that day. On August 15, 2008, the CPN chairman Prachanda was elected by the Constituents assembly succeeding Girija Prasad Koirala.

Recent Activities
After the resignation given by the former Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala, leading as the democratic front composed of parties that support and promote liberal democratic principles and aspire to establishment of a long term democratic form of governance in Nepal. Girija Prasad Koirala in support of the others political parties again run the government in the constituent’s assembly of Politician UML Madhav Kumar Nepal as Prime Minister after the CPN chairman Prachanda resign from his post. So in honor to this special contribution to the Nepal Political situation and resolving the Maoist conflict in Nepal, Girija Prasad Koirala nominated for the Novel Peace Prize. Not only this, Koirala was given the name “mass leader of the Nation”.

Last Stage or Death
Girija Prasad Koirala died at his daughter house on 20 March 2010 at the age of 86.Girija Prasad Koirala was suffering from asthma and the pulmonary diseases. Koirala before the death was quite strong only from the oxygen and some medicines prescribed by Koiralas doctor. After Girija Prasad Koirala dead his body was kept at his daughter house for a day. At the next day his body was taken to the Nepali Congress Office and kept for about the 20 minutes after than for 3 hours kept at the Dashrath Stadium for the public Condolence. There was thousands of people in the queue for the Koiralas condolence. Passing three hours ahead at 3 pm the body was taken to the Hindus great temple Pashupatinath on March 21, 2010. Many of the Parties leaders were also came there to stand for the Late Girija Prasad Koirala.
After receiving the death of Girija Prasad Koirala numerious politician came out of the different statements. The Hindus people pointed him as a National Guardian Of Nepal Politics. The Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh described as a knowledge and the wisdom guided to the Nepali Politics in the right direction at the critical junctures in the country history. And the United Nations said Koirala as a fought fearlessly and at considerable personal sacrifice for justice and democratic rights in country Nepal. Laslty the senior Maoist Politician Dr. Baburam Bhattarai said wiill be missed so much nearlly in the end of the peace process in country Nepal.

History Of Nepal

History

Nepal the one of the land-locked country known all over the world. Nepal is well said as a country of great beauty & visual varieties with the altitude of 70m above the sea level. the capital city Kathmandu was a great lake in the middle with the great beautiful lotus flowers. one of the Buddhist named Manjushri smote the lake with the great magical sward and drained it. after that the history of the Nepal began with the kirati from eastern part. Malla ruled the golden era in the Kathmandu valley. they established the many more status and the historical places. during the rule of the malls king the kingdom of the Nepal Kathmandu valley was divided into the three kingdom named Kantipur, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. different of the kings ruled the three kingdom Kantipur, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur.

Brief discussion about the different Period

Kirat Period

The kirat ruled the nepal about the 1000 year by the different kings. we are known that in this period 28 kings. Among these king the best known was the King Yalamber. In this period the Gautama Buddha came to the Kathmandu valley and spend the time in the Patan. This period ruled from the 800 B.C. to the 300 A.D.

Lichhivi and the Thakuri Period.

It is said that the Lichhavi Period was the first documented period in the history of Nepal. they came from India as they lost the political period in India. they attack the kKrat last king named Gasti and defeated him. . The Lichhavi were the epigraphical records. The Lichhavi gave the Nepal the first introduction of the copper coins( numismatic) in the history of the Nepal. The Amsuverma ruled the first from the Thakuri dynasty. He married the Lichhavi king Shiva Deva daughter. Amsuverma made the Shiva Deva more impressed and became the fact ruler. he was more true to the people and ruled the malla period much better. the malls period ruled from the 300 A.D. to 1200 A.D.

Malla Period

The malls period in known as the glorious era in the history of Nepal. Although the malls were so active in all the others areas but they were came to the Kathmandu valley until 1200 A.D. the malls developed the trade and commerce , industry , religion and culture . Thought the malls were the Hindus festivities following the Brahman rituals by they were the tolerant to the Buddhism.

The most powerful kings of this period and their works are briefly described as below:

Jayasthiti Malla

He was the great and the famous king that he classify the whole structure of the Nepalese society. He was the first king who introduced a system of measuring the land and the houses. Also he was the economic reformer. He built the different temples and a supporter of art and literature. He ruled the dynasty from 1354 to 1395.

Pratap Malla

Pratap malla was the king of the Kantipur ( Kathmandu). He was also the person who autority in religion, music and the art of welfare. As king Pratap malls was the influence of the religion he reconstructed the Buddhist monument of Swayambhunath. During his period he also built the Krishna Mandir, the monument of Taleju, Rani Pokhari and Gujeswari temple.

Jaya Prakash Malla

Jaya Prakash Malla was the last king of Kantipur. As he was more brave and confident, he was unlucky too. He tried a lots to sace the Kathmandu Valley from a Gurkhas attack. He called the fighters from the East India Company but was not listen to him.

Ranjit Malla

Ranjit Malla was the last King of Bhaktapur. As a lover of rare and precious things, he added many courtyards to his palace. And to improve economic conditions in his Kingdom, he imported silver exporting it as coins.

Shah Period

During the middle of the 18th century, there were about 50 states in Nepal. At that time the situation of the country is more dangerous that all the people are fighting with the each other in order to expand the territory. At the same time Prithivi Narayan Shah who came from Gurkha believes in unifying the country can only the solution to get relief from the danger from the hands of British India. So he started in unifying the small states. during the unifying in preparation he died and his son Bahadur Shah succeeded. After all that the Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa, was suffered from the humiliation from the defeat and was arrested and locked. After the Bhimsen Thapa suicide the World War II, many changes were taking place. Colonies were gained.

A "liberal" Rana Prime minister proposed the new constitution in Nepal known as Panchayat. With the support of the Indian Congress Party, opponents of the Rana rule - including some prominent Rana's - joined the Nepali Congress Party under the leadership of B.P. Koirala. The rightful sovereign of Nepal, King Tribhuvan, still powerless in his palace, was heralded as the embodiment of the democratic aspirations of the people.In November 1950, the King fled to India under the pretense of going hunting. The "freedom fighters" of Nepal fought the Rana's, setting up bases in the Tarai. As their was no decisive victor, India presided over a compromise. The King returned from India and soon thereafter, the Rana's went to live in India.The period between the 1951 to 1959 passed with the uncertainty and king Mahendra declared the parliament election in 1959. with the majority of the seats the Nepali Congress won the new parliament and after the two years, Nepali Congress started the Panchayat System. The five local man panchayat were send as the representatives to each district with the few real powers. Under the Panchayat Democracy no any political parties were allowed to enter, state money was misused, no any economic development taken place. After the death of the King Mahendra in 1972 and King Birendra throne but the people are highly violence with the Panchayat and the Multi-Patry Democracy. After the change in the government interior Nepali Congress leader Krishna Prashad Bhattrai formed with the new tasks holding the general election for parliament. In the today's century, the Nepali Congress and United Marxists are the two new main parties of the government. However now the country is ruled in the leadership of Madhav Kumar Nepal.

Rana Autocracy and Peace Aggrement

History
Although Nepal emerged in history in the first millennium B.C, it was only in the 18th century that Nepal developed as a country of the present size. Archaeological remains suggest that areas of Nepal have been inhabited for more than 10,000 years. The Kirant hill tribe people are thought to be the first rulers of the Kathmandu area. The earliest undisputed Nepali dynasty was the Licchavi dynasty, which was established in about ad 400. The Licchavi dynasty, which probably migrated from present-day Vaishali, India, was centered in the Kathmandu Valley. The Licchavi dynasty expanded its influence to the Kali Gandaki River in the west and Sun Kosi River in the east. The Licchavi period, as well as the Malla period that followed, was deeply influenced by Indian culture.The Licchavi dynasty came to an end in the late 9th century and was followed by the medieval period. The early medieval era was unstable and poorly documented. It came in the Malla period (1200 to 1769) when three separate dynasties, divided into three kingdoms in the late 15th century, were conquered by the Shah dynasty in 1769, led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Nepal’s southward expansion under the Shah dynasty resulted in a clash with the English East India Company. The Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) reduced the country to its current size, although Nepal retained its independence.

A. Rana Autocracy
In the first half of the 19th century, Nepal entered a short period of unpredictable that culminated in the Kot Massacre, in which fighting broke out among military personnel and administrators after the murder of a high-powered favorite of the queen. Jung Bahadur, a strong pro-British leader, stronger during the massacre and seized control of the country. He declared himself Prime Minister and began the Rana dynasty of rulers. The Rana rulers monopolized power by making the king a nominal figure. They also made the office of the Prime Minister hereditary. Nepal gave valuable assistance to the British during the Sepoy Rebellion (1857-1859) and during World War I (1914-1918). The British government reaffirmed the independence of Nepal through a treaty in 1923. A British resident (colonial official acting as an adviser to the ruler of a protected state), stationed in Kathmandu, controlled Nepal’s foreign relations. Nepal supported the Allied cause, with the contribution of Gurkha soldiers, during World War II (1939-1945). Nepal and the United States established diplomatic relations in 1948.The Rana autocracy was increasingly criticized in the late 1940s, particularly by dissidents residing in India. The political-reform movement, which was approved by the Indian government and directed by the newly created Nepali Congress Party (NCP), won the support of King Bir Bikram Tribhuvana. Like his predecessors under the Ranas, he possessed purely nominal powers. His intervention in domestic politics deepened the crisis, however, and he was removed from the throne in 1950 by Prime Minister Maharaja Mohan Shumsher Rana. A few days later the king fled to India and NCP insurgents began military operations along the southern frontier. In 1951 Prime Minister Rana allowed a reorganization of the Nepalese government along democratic lines and the king was reinstalled. Friction between the Rana and Congress Party factions culminated in November 1951 when Prime Minister Rana was removed from power and the NCP formed a government headed by Matrika Prasad Koirala.

Absolute Monarcy
After the Rana autocracy ended, Nepal embarked on a mission of economic and social development. However, political parties organizing the government during the 1950s were not effective. King Mahendra, crowned in 1955, seized absolute control of the government in 1960 after a decade of political unrest. King Mahendra dismissed the government and suspended parliament, calling it corrupt and inefficient. Considering a parliamentary system unsuited to Nepal, the king proclaimed a new constitution in 1962 that banned the formation of political parties and allowed for the autocratic rule of the king through a nonparty system of councils, or panchayats. The government then instituted social reforms, including land reforms and modernization of the legal code, which helped alleviate some caste discrimination.When the king died in 1972, he was succeeded by his son Birendra Bir Bikram, who was formally crowned in 1975. The young king initially exercised strong control over the government, attempting to repress the reform movement led by former prime minister Bisheswar Prasad Koirala. As antimonarchist sentiments grew in the late 1970s and serious riots challenged his authority, the king relaxed his control.In a 1980 referendum on the form of government, the voters decided to retain the nonparty panchayat system with certain modifications. Among the reforms was a constitutional amendment providing for the king to appoint a prime minister upon the recommendation of the National Assembly. Elections under the new provisions were held in 1981 and 1986. Although all candidates ran as independents, reports indicated that Marxist-Leninist members of the Communist Party won a number of seats in parliament.

C. Constitutional Monarchy
Following a wave of pro-democracy protests spearheaded by Nepal’s banned political parties, Birendra agreed in 1990 to allow political activity. An interim government drafted a new constitution that provided for multiple political parties. In November 1990, with the adoption of a constitution stating the powers of the monarch, Nepal became a constitutional monarchy. In 1991 the Nepali Congress Party (NCP) won the country’s first democratic election in 32 years, and the party’s general secretary, Girija Prasad Koirala, brother of former prime minister Bisheswar Prasad Koirala, became prime minister. Koirala resigned in 1994 after his coalition government lost its parliamentary majority. In new elections the Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML) branch of Nepal’s Communist Party won the majority of seats. The UML remained in power less than a year before a coalition government replaced it. In 1996, a radical leftist party called the Communist Party of Nepal—Maoist (CPN-M), unhappy with the pace and direction of change, launched a “people’s war” aimed at overthrowing the government, abolishing the monarchy, and establishing a people’s republic. Incidents of violence were at first confined to remote mountain regions but by the late 1990s had spread to more than half the country.

1. Political Instability
A period of political instability followed the declaration of the “people’s war” in 1996. One prime minister succeeded another in a series of unstable coalition governments. Internal fighting weakened the coalitions, as did their inability to control the Maoist rebellion.

2. Royal Marshaal
In early June 2001 King Birendra and eight other members of the royal family, including Queen Aiswarya, were fatally shot in the royal palace in Kathmandu. An official investigation of the massacre concluded that Crown Prince Dipendra had killed his family members in a drunken rage and then committed suicide. Birendra’s younger brother, Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, succeeded to the throne. The Maoist insurgency intensified following the massacre, fueled in part by popular conspiracy theories surrounding the incident. Prime Minister Koirala, in office for the third time, was widely criticized for embarrassing setbacks at the hands of the rebels and for a perceived failure to provide adequate protection for the royal family. His government was also mired in a bribery scandal.

3. Insurgency and Crisis
Koirala stepped down as prime minister in July 2001 and was succeeded by Sher Bahadur Deuba, a former prime minister known for his willingness to work with opposition parties. Deuba began a series of reforms, including distribution of land to the poor, and introduced plans to criminalize discrimination against Dalits (“Untouchables”) and to end the caste system. Deuba also initiated peace talks with the Maoist rebels, and both sides agreed to a ceasefire. But the ceasefire ended in November 2001 after Deuba rejected Maoist demands for a new constitution that would abolish the monarchy. Fighting renewed and as the violence continued, King Gyanendra declared emergency rule, which enabled him to send the royal army to fight the insurgency. In 2002 Gyanendra dismissed Deuba, dissolved parliament, and assumed full power over the government before appointing a new prime minister. In January 2003 the government and the Maoists agreed to a ceasefire and renewed negotiations. However, the ceasefire collapsed in August, after seven months. Meantime, the political parties, which had been excluded from the government after the dissolution of parliament, led demonstrations in the capital, and in June 2003 Deuba was reappointed prime minister. The Maoist rebels intensified their insurgency after the ceasefire collapsed in August 2003. They refused to enter peace negotiations with Deuba, insisting on direct talks with the king, and staged two week-long blockades of Kathmandu. In February 2005 Gyanendra again imposed a state of emergency. He assumed full executive power, dismissing Deuba and his government. The king also suspended many constitutional rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech and the press. In April 2006 massive protests took place against direct rule by the king. In Kathmandu street demonstrations drew hundreds of thousands of people, and government forces responded by firing into crowds, killing more than a dozen people. The protests were spearheaded by a seven-party opposition alliance that included the Maoist insurgents. Faced with daily protests, a general strike, and road blockades that cut off Kathmandu from fuel and food supplies, Gyanendra announced that he would restore parliament, which he had dissolved four years earlier. On the recommendation of the seven-party alliance, Gyanendra named Koirala as prime minister. The newly reinstated parliament soon began to strip the king of his powers. The Maoist rebels declared a three-month truce and began talks with Koirala.

4. Peace Agreement
The Maoist rebels reached a peace agreement with the Nepalese government in November 2006, ending a decade-long revolt during which an estimated 13,000 people were killed. Under United Nations supervision, the Maoists turned over their weapons and confined their troops in camps. As part of the agreement, a government commission was set up to investigate human rights abuses by both sides in the long conflict. Koirala assigned 5 of the 22 cabinet posts in the interim government to Maoists, who joined the government in April 2007. The government planned to nationalize the monarch’s assets while allowing Gyanendra to keep property he owned before he came to the throne.Elections for a constituent assembly, chosen by the people, were scheduled for June 2007. The assembly was to rewrite Nepal’s constitution and decide whether Nepal would remain a monarchy or become a republic. The Maoists, who had been pushing for an end to the monarchy, agreed to abide by the constituent assembly’s decision. However, the elections were subsequently postponed due to two new demands made by the Maoists: the abolition of the monarchy ahead of the elections, and the implementation of a proportional system of voting for the elections. The new demands contradicted the earlier agreement and created a political deadlock. The Maoists withdrew from the governing coalition in September 2007, and the elections were further delayed. However, the Maoists rejoined the interim government after all of the main parties agreed to abolish the monarchy immediately after the elections, which were scheduled for April 2008.

Historical Events Of Nepal

Historical Events Of Nepal

Period Description

ca. 563 B.C. Gautama Buddha was born in the place Lumbini.

ca. A.D.400-750 Kathmandu Valley in the Powered by the Lichhivi Dynasty.

750-1200 Changing the state in power in Kathmandu Valley

1100-1484 Western Nepal was ruled by the Khasa Malla.

1200-1216 The first monarch king Arimalla ruled in the Kathmandu Valley.

1312 Ripu Malla king of Khasa leads attack in the kingdom of nepal kathmandu Valley.

1345-1346 Sultan Shams Of Bengal surprisely attack at the Kathmandu Valley.

1382-1395 Jayasthiti Malla ruled in the Kathmandu Valley.

1428-1482 Yakshamalla reigns.

1484 The Malla Dynasty divides the kingdom into three states, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan.

1559 Dravya Shah established Gorkha Kingdom.

1606-1633 Ram Shah of Gorkha reigns.

Expansion of the Gorkha land.

1743 Prithvi Narayan Shah ascends to throne of Gorkha.

1768-1790 Gorkha conquers Kathmandu and Patan, Bhadgaon, eastern Nepal, and western Nepal.

1775 The first King of United Nepal Prithivi Narayan Shah died.

1814-1816 The Anglo-Nepalese War and the resulting Treaty of Sagauli reduces the territory of Nepal.

1846 Jang Bahadur Rana takes over as Prime Minister and establishes hereditary Rana rule.

1946 The Nepali Congress Party was founded.

1947 The United States establishes diplomatic relations with Nepal.

1948 The country's first constitution, the Government of Nepal Act was declared;

Prime Minister Padma Shamsher Rana resigns in the wake of opposition to the new constitution from conservative Ranas; Mohan Shamsher becomes Prime Minister;

Constitution was postponed.

1950 Ranas are in open conflict with King Tribhuvan implicated in Nepali Congress Party conspiracy against Rana power, seeks and was granted asylum in India.

Government troops desert to the rebel side; over 140 Ranas join the dissidents.

Treaty of Peace and Friendship and Treaty of Trade and Commerce are signed with India.

1951 Mohan Shamsher surrenders and King Tribhuvan is back positioning to the throne.

Mohan Shamsher heads new coalition cabinet for 10 months.

He was succeeded by Nepali Congress Party leader M.P. Koirala as Prime Minister.

1952 Koirala resigns; King assumes direct rule.

1953 Koirala was recalled as Prime Minister.

1955 King Tribhuvan died and was succeeded by Mahendra.

Nepal joins the United Nations; National Police Force was formed.

Koirala resigns and King Mahendra takes over direct control

1956 Tanka Prasad Acharya was named as Prime Minister.

Border treaty with China concluded.

1957 Acharya resigns; K.I. Singh becomes Prime Minister for a few months.

1958 USSR opens an Embassy at Kathmandu.

1959 United States opens an Embassy at Kathmandu.

New constitution was declared, superseding Constitution of 1951; First general elections are held.

Nepal Congress Party wins absolute majority and Tribhuvan University founded;

1960 B.P. Koirala heads first popular government;

Koirala's policies are opposed by the king, and Koirala was abruptly given up.

All political parties are banned; the king took over direct control of government.

Treaty of Peace and Friendship with China is concluded.

1961 Kind proclaims guided democracy; Boundary treaty with China renewed.

1962 New constitution, third since 1951, establishes Panchayat form of government.

Land Reorganization Act and Muluki Ain, new legal code, are promulgated.

Anti-Indian riots erupt in Kathmandu over Indian aid to dissidents.

1963 Emergency was eneded; Panchayat elections begun.

National Guidance Council was formed.

Tulsi Giri was named as Prime Minister;

1965 Local government reorganized.

Tulsi Giri resigns and Surya Bahadur Thapa was appointed as the Prime Minister;

1969 Thapa yields office to Kirti Nidhi Bista with Indian Military mission withdrawn.

1970 Bista resigns and Raj Bhandari became the interim Prime Minister.

1971 Bista was recalled as Prime Minister.

New trade and transit treaty negotiated with India.

1972 Mahedra dies and was succeeded by King Birendra.

Development regions are established under National Development Council.

1973 Nagendra Prasad Rijal was named as Prime Minister;

Singha Durbar, the seat of government burns down.

1975 Rijal resigns; Tulsi Giri was appointed Prime Minister; King Birendra is crowned.

Went to the Village and campaign is launched.

1976 B.P. Koirala returns from India and was arrested.

Treaty with India expires and was not renounced.

1977 Tulsi Giri resigns from Prime Minister in the wake of corruption charges.

Former Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi Bista was renounced as Prime Minister.

1979 Following nationwide demonstrations by students, Bista was replaced as Prime Minister by Surya Bahadur Thapa.

King announces referendum on the Panchayat form of government.

1980 In national referendum people vote for continuance of the Panchayat form of government and against the reintroduction of Political parties.

1982 B.P. Koirala the leader of Nepali Congress died.

1983 Lokendra Bahadur Chand defeated the Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa in the Rastriya Panchayat.

1986 Second elections to Rastriya Panchayat held.

Marich Man Singh Shrestha becoame Prime Minister.

1989 Failure to renegotiate trade and transit treaties with India disrupts economy.

1990 Demonstrations for the restoration of democracy, Panchayat system was fading out.

Interim government made up of various parties and King's representatives formed.

New Constitution promulgated.

1991 Elections to Parliament held and Nepali Congress wins a narrow majority.

G.P. Koirala becomes Prime Minister. President of Nepali Congress and interim Prime Minister.

Krishna Prashad Bhattarai, defeated in the polls by the leader of

CPN-UML, Madan Bhandari.

1992 Local elections held; Nepali Congress wins a majority of the seats.

1993 Madan Bhandari killed in a mysterious car crash.

Violent demonstrations by communists to overthrow Koirala's government but devastating floods kill hundreds.

1994 Prime minister Koirala resigns and calls for new elections after losing a parliamentary vote due to the absence of 36 members of his own party.

New elections in November results in a hung Parliament.

CPN-UML, which appears as the single largest party, forms a minority government.

1995 The minority goverment of CPN-UML loses power in a parliamentary vote of no-confidence.

A coalition government of Nepali Congress, RPP (Rastriya Prajatantra Party) and Sadhvabana were formed.

1997 The NC-RPP coalition government loses power resulting in a UML-RPP coalition.

This government itself loses power 6 months later to another NC-RPP coalition.

Ganesh Man Singh, who led the 1990 democracy movement, dies.

1999 The third general elections after restoration of Democracy results in Nepali Congress back to power with an absolute majority in the House. Krishna Prashad Bhattarai became Prime Minister for the second time.

Geography Of Nepal

Geography

Nepal is one of the mountainous countries. As Nepal becoming a land locked country which is situated between China to the North and India to the South East and West. The area of Nepal is 1, 47, 181 sq. km which covers 0.03 percent area of the World. It lies between the latitudes of 26’ 22’ and 30’ 27’ North and longitudes of 80’ 4’ and 88’ 12’ East. Traditionally Nepal has been characterized as a yam caught between two rocks. Its shape is roughly in the rectangular. The topography changes dramatically within a short lateral distance. There is a narrow strip of low lands in the south, Himalayan foot hills and range. At the east west across the highest peak situated each over 8000m. Geographically Nepal is divided into the three main Regions. The Tarai Region, the Himalayan Region and the Hilly Region.

The Tarai Region

In the complete topographic contract to the Himalayan and hil region, the tarai region is a lowland tropical and subtropical belt of flat, alluvial land stretching. The tarai region covers 17 percent of the total with an altitude of 70m to 600m above sea level. This is the region of religious icons, national parks and wild life reserves. The tarai includes the several valleys like Surkhet and Dang valley in the western Nepal and the Rapti Valley in central Nepal. The word tarai Region is hot and humid. The tarai region includes the famous three rivers the Kosi, the Narayani and the Karnali. In context of farm and forest lands, the tarai was the tarai is richest economic region. The agricultural land in the tarai region is fertile and flat. Here in the tarai region the most famous holy places like janakpur, Lumbini and Barahachhetra is situated. Lumbini was the birth place of Lord Gautam Buddha who is known as the peace maker in the country. Janakpur the great holy place of the ram temple. There are four national parks and wild life reserves in the tarai region. Among this four National Parks the Royal Chitwan National Park is one of the largest one where we can find the different kinds of birds and animals. Especially the rhinoceros are most attraction in this National Park. This region is also noticed for the trekkers for their adventure one. Also there are more and more different kinds of natural beauty and the historical places are located which easily attract the tourist.

The Mountainous Region

The mountainous region covers 15 percent of the total land area of the northern side of the country at the attitudes of 4700m and higher. The mountainous region is called Parbat in Nepali. The mountainous region constitutes the central portion of the Himalayan range originating in the Pamirs a high altitude region of Central Asia. In this region snow falls every seasons and mountains such as Everest which is highest peak about 8848m attracted for the adventures for many peoples. Another attraction in this region is the big rivers and several National Parks, Wild life reserves and World Heritage sites. Basically in this region the Sherpa settlements and snow bears and yeti footprints are also the attraction. This region is characterized by inclement climate and irregular topographic conditions. The human habitation and economic activities are extremely limited and arduous. So the main source of their income is from the yak. Accordance with seasonal climatic rhythms and traders migrated seasonally from the highlands and lowlands in order to buying and selling goods and commodities to generate needed income and to secure food supplies.

The Hilly Region

The hilly region covers the 68 percent of the country and is formed by the Mahabharata range. The Hill Region is situated south of the mountain region and is 1000 and 4000 meters in altitudes. In winter snow falls in the higher areas. The Kathmandu Valley which is the most famous for the fertile and the urbanized area. Two main ranges of hills known as the Mahabharata Lekh and Siwalik Range occupy the region. The most beautiful valley Katmandu and Pokhara famous for its lakes. Pokhara includes Phewa, Begnas, Rupa etc. Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali the main three famous rivers. Addition to that Nagarkot and Dhulikhel the heart-stopping beauty of a sunrise. There are several intermediate valleys. Despite its geographical isolation and limited economic potential, the region always has been the political and cultural center in the Nepal. The hill region has been the most populated area. The hill landscapes were both a natural and cultural mosaic. Although agricultural was the predominant economic activity supplemented by livestock rising, and seasonal migrating of laborers. The main occupation in the hill region people is agricultural. The families were force to adapt to the marginality, as well as the seasonality of their environment cultivating whatever would survive. During the slack season, the crops cannot be permitted so they are dependent I in the non agricultural activities.